The International Association of Probiotics and Probiotics (ISAPP) released a consensus statement on metabiotics in May 2021. Epibiotics, also known as "postbiotics," or metabolites, biogenic substances, or extracellular supernatants, refer to soluble factors secreted by live bacterial metabolic activities or released after bacterial death and dissolution, which can have beneficial effects on the host. These soluble factors include short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), peptides, lipoteichoic acids, polysaccharide peptide complexes, endogenous and exogenous polysaccharides, bacterial outer membrane proteins, enzymes, vitamins, bile acids, acetal phospholipids, isothiocyanates, and long chain fatty acids.
The source strains of postbiotics generally include a list of strains that can be used in food and other probiotic strains that have been evaluated for safety. These strains mainly come from the human gut or fermented food, including bacteria, fungi, and bacteria. (1) Lactobacillus, (2) Bifidobacterium, and (3) Enterococcus, with representative species including Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecalis; (4) Streptococcus, (5) Bacillus, and (6) Clostridium are widely used strains of Clostridium butyricum. In addition, there are also Streptococcus mesenterium belonging to the genus Streptococcus, Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus beer, and Streptococcus pentose belonging to the genus Streptococcus, as well as bacteriocins produced by Lactococcus bacteria such as Nisin, Lactococcin, and Bacterocin. As biological preservatives, they have enormous market application value.
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The preparation of postbiotics can be obtained through cell inactivation and lysis techniques, such as heat treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, ultraviolet radiation, high pressure, solvent extraction, and ultrasonic treatment. Its characterization techniques can be further produced using extraction and purification processes such as centrifugation, column purification, and freeze-drying.